Global and International Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global and International Health - Essay Example These features lead to high prices of illicit drugs and ensure a continuous demand exist around the globe. Assistance from medical professionals like nurses, law enforcement bodies, drug educational services targeting the communities and youths, as well as federal and international counter drug initiatives (monitoring and interdiction operation, disruption of international illegal substance networks, and interception and disruption of foreign drugs shipments) are being used to reduce demand and supply in the market, and minimize the harm caused to the economies and health of drug abusers around the globe. Keywords: Illicit Drugs, Nursing, Trafficking, Supply and Demand, Markets, Consumers, Patients, Addiction, Prevention, Law Enforcement, Rehabilitation, Harm Reduction, Drug Education 1. Global nature of illicit drugs market The trade and use of illicit drugs is a common problem around the globe, affecting the consumers and nations they are trafficked into. Under the international co ntrol, the UNDC conventions describe them as those produced, trafficked and /or consumed against the law. Traditionally, most consumption exists in form of plant products, but due to scientific development, synthetically processed forms are now available. It’s the cheapest means to avail the illicit drugs to new consumers in the market, because it provides them with an alternative. However, the global trend has been driven by the market level demand and supply forces that influence the price and use of drugs (â€Å"Markets,†2010). This is because illicit drugs are limited (exist in low volumes), considering that their dealings are criminalized. This feature gives them another characteristic of association with high unit cost and value; meaning, the nature of the industry can call for very high percentages of their price mark up from production to consumer. The risks and the high degree of monopoly in the market contribute to the disproportionate aspect of the illicit d rugs’ prices and profits against the cost (â€Å"Economics,† n.d.). The other feature of the illicit drugs is the addictive nature to consumers, which ensures continuously high unregulated turnover, worth hundreds of billions in the industry, even though the consumers are few compared to other legal products. It is no doubt that operating in the industry (whether seller or buyers) is a risky move, but no matter how expensive the drugs are, consumers would risk purchasing them to satisfy their addiction. This is the main reason why drugs market continues to expand steadily, despite the legal, financial, and social effort to fight their use in the societies. 2. Evaluate the preventive measures to the increasing use of illicit drugs To reduce the increasing demand and proliferation of the illicit drugs market, primary, secondary and tertiary preventive measures are currently in place to support the US population. A common approach in the United States and around the globe is facilitation of drug education to the public. This is being achieved through mass education programs and in learning institutions in the states (Wodak, 2011). The strategy aims to reduce demand by educating potential users to reduce their possibility of consumption. The youths are the potential consumers and need accurate information before they engage into harmful addictions. Recent moves involve investing in the youth and keeping them involved in

Create the topic, since you are writing it not me Essay

Create the topic, since you are writing it not me - Essay Example Although everyone seemed to be informed, very few bought into the sense of community mindset it would take to overcome the challenges of prevention to find a working solution. In Malcolm Gladwell's terms, the lack of adoption of AIDS prevention strategies in spite of widespread awareness discussed in Epstein's essay "AIDS, Inc." is a symptom of weak-tie networks not transitioning into strong-tie connections, a similar psychological problem faced by American college campuses as discussed by Rebekah Nathan. Traditional messaging regarding AIDS in South Africa was focused on forcing the audience to hear and understand the messages being sent. This is very similar to the approach described in Nathan's essay "Community and Diversity," in which college students were coerced into classes attempting to force a false sense of shared community. "As a student, one is immediately enlisted to join the group, to get involved, to realize that one has become a part of the AnyU 'community" (Nathan, 4 1). It didn't work for the students at the university and overt attempts such as this have not been successful in Africa. According to Gladwell, the reasons people decide to join a community remains consistent - those who have strong-tie connections to others engaged in the same pursuit were more likely to behave in the same way while those who had few strong-tie connections were more likely to go their own way. The approach taken correlates with what Gladwell says about weak-tie relationships. According to Gladwell, weak-tie relationships are those formed by general shared interests but few actual responsibilities. "The platforms of social media are built around weak ties," Gladwell says. However, there are strengths in weak ties. "Our acquaintances - not our friends - are our greatest source of new ideas and information. The Internet lets us exploit the power of these kinds of distant connections with marvelous efficiency. It's terrific at the diffusion of innovation, interdiscipl inary collaboration, seamlessly matching up buyers and sellers, and the logistical functions of the dating world." While these networks are very effective in distributing information widely, as evidenced in the surveys mentioned by Epstein, they don't generally lead to the types of changes in behavior needed to address the AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Just as Nathan discovered in the college situation, networks are effective at gathering information about risks and common behaviors among groups, but these kinds of weak-tie connections are not powerful enough to bring about actual change or acceptance of mistrusted sources. Fortunately, an activist group well aware of how to convert weak-tie relationships into strong-tie connections for positive change stepped in to help. The bulk of Epstein's essay is dedicated to discussing just how the organization LoveLife approached the problem, serving as an example to other groups who may wish to do the same. "The trick was to get inside the head-space of these young people ... we have to understand what is driving them into sex - they know what HIV is, but they don't internalize it" (Harrison cited by Epstein, 128). Rather than depending on a mostly one-sided media campaign that mimics much of the characteristics of Nathan's

The Joint Stock Company Or Organization Commerce Essay

The Joint Stock Company Or Organization Commerce Essay Managers. Without the presence of these parties the company cannot run properly. Shareholders are the person who own share of stocks in an organization. In another word, the one who hold one or more than one shares in the company. They are also known as the stockholders. They have got rights to purchase and sell the share in or out the organization, rights to vote for the board and has power to take what assets remains after liquidation of a company. But they dont have rights to check the books of financial credit. Similarly, where as manager are the person who are the brain of an organization. All the success and failure of an organization depends upon the activities, ideas, knowledge, and experience of manger. In another word the person who use the management skills to control overall organization is known as manager. The manager has got power to monitor the performance and handle works to the lower members in an organization. Managers mainly focus to take lead in a competitive environment using different kinds of resources like capital, human, natural, intellectual and intangible. Living together in same building creates lots of problems. Likewise no one wants to be small in related to business. The most obvious problem that occurs in company is conflict in interest between shareholder (principal) and manger (agent). This problem usually arises when both the parties tries to maximize their benefits. Shareholder wants to see higher profit in the organization which in results they get dividends from it and manger wants to see higher revenue because more expenses can be made to gain benefit from them. For example if the company or shareholders said to manager to buy another building for business and manager can easily increase the rate and take rest of the money as their benefits which is expenses for the company or shareholders but company does not realise because it is in higher revenue. Both the parties have different attitude towards risks too. Shareholders do not want to bear huge amount of loss in the organization so they invest money in many organization. So, when one company might go to ends then rest of the money are still safe. Therefore their financial securities are not threatened. But managers financial security depends upon how well is an organization is running. Discussion According to the agency theory, the firm can be viewed as a nexus of contract between resources holders. An agency relationship takes palace when the more than one individual known as principal and employ one or more than one other individual called agents, to do certain task in the organization. This theory shows that it creates primary problem in an organization i.e. self-interested behaviour. If the market and the labour are poor outside the organization than the manger tries to increase their own benefit at the expenses of shareholder. Agents (manager) in the company knows more than the Principal (shareholders) so agents has got more chances in their own self-interest rather than the companys interest due to asymmetric information and insecurity. This theory also shows the principal agent relationship. Similarly, if the manager of a company own less than 100% of the organization common stock than the potential agency is formed. But if the company is sole proprietorship than the owner own self as a manager should manage to increase its benefits. So, following are reasons that create conflicts of interest that takeover between manager and the shareholders: Profit related pay Rise in share value Direct interference by shareholder Threats of takeover Managers can be more interested to take over the shareholders interest if shareholders did not monitor and take certain action to them. To reduce these kinds of problems shareholder must bring agency cost. Agency costs are those cost made by shareholders to bring managers in the right track or in another word to encourage manager to maximize shareholders revenue rather than their own self-interest. In order to monitor the activities of managers following activities should be done like: Performance based motivation plans The threat of firing The threat of takeover Controlling undesirable managerial behaviours Proper accountings Budget maximizing Codes of ethics Disclosure Shareholders should always be attentive towards the manager behaviour and activities because managers have better information of company than the shareholder so they can cleverly temp to use the firms assets of their own end. Some inactive share holders will go along with whatever management wants, some active shareholders have tried to influence management, but they often met with defeat. So, the pros and cons of this statement are as follows: PROS Flexible in capital market If the company is corporate than the investors can be easily attract because corporations ability to issue share is a strong point to sell those who wants to invest in the business. So the capital is easily access in the market. Power formation Corporate or joint stock company has got power structure and management form; shareholders, managers, Board of directors. Each of them has got their own rights, duties and responsibilities which help to keep organization in control. Owner have limited liability According to the law the corporation is a separate business. Members of corporate company cannot be held personally until the legal formalities are completed. So the owners are protected from legal liability. Infinite life corporate company has got infinite life unless the company goes to bankrupt or unless it is compound by other company or people. CONS Cost and time Running these kinds of corporation organization it consume lots of cost and time which is not a good aspect of an organization. Similarly having the problems between shareholder and manger can create huge problems while preparing different legal documents and fees must be paid to the secretary of state office. Follow lots of legal formalities According to law a corporate company is a separate entity, independent of owners where different corporate formalities should be ensured. The formalities like handling regular meeting, keeping records of activities, financial records etc. Double Taxation In this kind of corporation the shareholders are exposed to pay double taxation. It means that corporation itself is taxed from the any profit of the business earned plus the any other shareholder who earns profit in the form of dividend is also taxed. Similarly the board of directors are the person who lead and control overall organization using their skills, experience and knowledge. They also act as a link between the manger and the shareholders. The board of directors main purpose is to certify the companys success by monitoring the companies affairs and providing appropriate interest to shareholders and stakeholders. The roles of board of directors are shaping the companys aim and plans, monitoring, handling meeting with effective objectives, solving the financial issues. They are the individual who are been elected by the board of members. They are also sometimes known as board of trustees, board of governors, board of manager. There are different duties that the board of directors should follow in the corporate company which are described below: Fiduciary duty Under the fiduciary duty the board of directors enhance the firms profitability, avoid conflict between the share holders and the managers, act as a good belief in the best interest of the company. Duty of care under this section the board of directors do what a normal wise person would do under same position. Using skills, knowledge, experience the directors takes good decisions. Business judgements rules are held. Duty of loyalty and fair dealing in this section the board of directors makes a decisions which act in the interest of company beside acting interest of owner which means interest of shareholders are given first priority. It is often called as self-dealing transactions. Duty of disclosure Under this section the disclosure to shareholders are provided in two cases i.e. when shareholders are asked to vote and when there is conflict of interest transaction. So, those were the duties of board of directors to make a balance in the organization and to monitor the different activities of manger and to control the problems in conflict of interest between shareholders and mangers. It is an important aspect of good corporate governance that board will, in its turn, be accountable to shareholder and provide them with relevant information so that good decision can take place. CONCLUSION Corporate governance is just as related to a family-owned business as to one with a diverse shareholders support, and just as related to a public limited company as to a state-owned enterprise. Whatever is the form of business but the good corporate governance organization helps to make a business long-lasting controlling its internal disputes, management structures, performance of a organization, plans and policies and complete reflection of shareholder and manger interest. Similarly, it can be clearly seen from the above discussion that the board of directors can make a huge contribution between the principal and agent problem. To control such conflict of interest between shareholders and managers the board of directors should use the leadership skills and the monitoring power in the corporate governance or Joint Stock Company.

To Be, Or Not To Be :: essays research papers

According to Merrion-Webster Inc. Dictionary, a doppelgà ¤nger is a double, an often ghostly or evil counterpart to a character. It comes from the German language, doppel- double + -gà ¤nger goer. It might be asked, 'What does a doppelgà ¤nger have to do with a paper on Joseph Conrad?'; The answer is a lot, especially if Conrad's 'The Secret Sharer'; is being discussed. In this short story, the two characters, the captain and Leggatt, share many similarities, as well as differences. When comparing the similarities and differences, they can be used to show the duality between the captain and Leggatt. Conrad used Leggatt as a doppelgà ¤nger to help the captain come terms with himself. In 1880, Conrad was part of the crew of the Cutty Sark. On this ship, Sidney Smith killed a black man, John Francis. The captain of the Cutty Sark secretly helped Smith to an American ship, the Colorado. Four days later, Smith committed suicide (Daleski 171). Smith had not wanted to be tried for his murder. This experience is particularly interesting when one compares it to Conrad's short story, 'The Secret Sharer';. Conrad directly used his knowledge of the occurrences aboard the Cutty Sark for that particular story. 'The Secret Sharer'; is a psychological masterpiece that dramatizes the act of sympathetic identification with an outlaw. Also, it deals with the achievement of self-mastery when the secret self is exorcised (Graver 150). In it, the character Leggatt is the embodiment of the captain's personality; yet, he is not any higher or lower than the captain. He's only different. He is one side, to a double-sided coin. In the story, the captain of a ship discovers a man named Leggatt. Leggatt had committed murder on the Sephora, on which he was first mate. Not wanting to face a trial, he escaped. The captain and Leggatt form an immediate bond (Conrad 702). Comparing the two, they are both of the same stature, same background. The captain even refers to Leggatt as his 'double';, 'other self';, or 'secret sharer'; almost 40 times (Graver 152). Conrad specifically implies that Leggatt is a doppelgà ¤nger, or the captain's double. They do, however, possess striking differences in their personalities. Where the captain is apprehensive and uncertain of himself, Leggatt is full of calmness and self-confidence (Conrad 702). In fact, part of the attractiveness that Leggatt has, is based on his obvious self-possession (Graver 152). Yet, it must be remembered that Leggatt killed a man.

Owen Wister’s novel The Virginian Essay

One of the strong points of Owen Wister’s western novel is in fact the manner by which the story was conveyed.  Ã‚   The language used to narrate the novel and to deliver the lines of each character truly played a significant part in the development of the story. As I was carefully taking in the imperative social issues that lie beneath Wister’s famous work of western fiction, I could not help but examine the play of words.   According to my own observation, the skilful use of language in The Virginian affected the novel in three ways: making the story entertaining and understandable, embodying well the feelings of the characters, and conveying the traits of the characters. Language That’s Easy to Understand As a whole, I found the language very conversational.   Though the setting is early 20th century America, the conversations among the characters are not that stiff.   The spoken language is what Wister used in delivering the lines of every character.   In one of the scenes from Chapter XI: You’re Going to Love Me Before We Get Through, I was delighted by the conversation between the Virginian and Molly Wood primarily because of the chatty nature of the language used. â€Å"And I would not be oversteppin’ for the world. I’ll go away if yu’ want.† (Wister, 1903, p.130) This is one of the lines of the Virginian.  Ã‚   Even readers from this age could easily capture the thoughts of the Virginian through such kind of language.   Aside from understanding the text, readers may take pleasure in reading the lines since they can relate to the conversational nature of the statements. Embodiment of the Feelings and Traits of the Characters Words are a powerful way of unleashing the true nature and emotions of a person.   In the Virginina and Molly’s conversation, the features of the two characters are shown.   â€Å"That’s all square enough. You’re goin’ to love me before we get through. I wish yu’d come a-ridin’, ma’am.† (Wister, 1903, p.133)   This line reveals the concealed affection of the Virginian for Molly.   Although readers, and even Molly for that matter, may take this straightforward admission as just another witty response from the Virginian, the words used will definitely give a clue of the Virginian’s feelings. â€Å"Dear, dear, dear! So I’m going to love you? How will you do it? I know men think that they only need to sit and look strong and make chests at a girl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wister, 1903, p.133)   This is the powerful reply of Molly to the Virginian’s emotion-filled statement.   The language helped convey Molly’s hesitant yet persisting fondness of the Virginian.   Behind her question â€Å"So I’m going to love you? How will you do it?† is a strong challenge she wants the Virginian to take seriously. Making Known the Traits of the Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Why, I mean,† said he, easily, sitting down near the door, â€Å"that it’s Sunday. School don’t hinder yu’ from enjoyin’ a ride to-day. You’ll teach the kids all the better for it to-morro’, ma’am. Maybe it’s your duty.† (Wister, 1903, p.130)   This is one example of how language presented the traits of the Virginian to the readers.   The choice of words for the character of the Virginian is suited to his nature as a gentleman who shows utmost concern for a lady. Reference: Wister, O. (1903) The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains. New York: The Macmillan Company   

AOS: Belonging Essay

Experience †¢Our life experiences teach us that when you stop trying to belong you realize that you have always belonged. †¢We search for a place to belong, not realizing that it is our perceptions and attitudes and not the place that allow us to belong. Notions of identity (Ideas) When your cultural identity is marginalized you can feel displaced and dislocated, and believe that you don’t belong to your culture or the dominant culture. †¢Our search for who we are is fueled by a need to find a place in the world where we belong. Relationships †¢The need to belong to a group of community shapes our behavior, attitudes and actions. †¢An individual has the potential to damage relationships and ensure that others do not belong. †¢When humanity experiences a strong (spiritual) connection to a place the notion of belonging is strength – ENED and ENRICHED. †¢When our relationship with a place is shaped by a narrow and biased view of the world, our notion of belonging can be questionable. Acceptance †¢The basic human need to be accepted and belong can cloud our judgments and direct our actions. Understanding †¢When we begin to understand the forces that drive us to belong we develop empathy for others and personal insight. Essay Introduction Belonging is about connections made with people, places, groups, communities and the larger world. A sense of belong is a fundamental need. As Kofi Annan says, â€Å" We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all belong to one human race†. The oxford dictionary defines the word belong as be a member, fit in a specified environment, not be out of place.’ The need to ‘fit in’, to belong with others is common to all humanity, crossing all geographical and cultural boundaries. The need to ‘fit in’ to belong with others is common to all humanity crossing all geographical and cultural boundaries. Perceptions of belonging are shaped within personal, cultural, historical and social contexts. ‘The Fringe Dwellers’ directed by Bruce Beresford deals with an indigenous Australian family whose struggles for acceptance and identities are portrayed through its main characters. Bruce Beresford has used film techniques†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to show the different aspects of belonging. These characters are depicted as people striving to attain an identity, but the barriers to their acceptance are quite strong. The different aspects of belonging/ not belonging presented in the text are place/land, Topic sentence – about place and land and sense of belonging, Land/Place/Home is an important part, the members of Comeaway family belong to each other and stick together in their extended family in WA. They live in a dilapidated house on the out skit of town. Mrs comeaway is the centre or the family. Trilby has great ambition and plans and wants to move into the council house. The thinks that if she moves into the new house she will be able to like any other white person. The family feels a sesnse of belonging to that place after they moved out to their new home. Trilby says, it’s all new’’. ’A kitchen, an electric stove and running water!† She feels a sense of belonging to that place and does not want her relatives to stay there. The close connection to a place is significant to every individual. Having a home, feeing secure and comfortable is vital. Tribly feels out of place due to her great ambitions and goes away in the end searching for a place of her dreams – to the city to get her great white Australian dream materialized. Some of the shots are extreme long shots and some long shots which show the background. The body language of main characters tells a lot more than words. Trilby and Noonah are a searching for a place to belong Skippy’s return to his tribal birth place indicates that he wants to belong where her belonged. The second aspect of belonging is ‘notions of identity/acceptance. An individual’s sense of identity reflects his/her belief or aspirations about where they belong and feel accepted. When our cultural identity is marginalized we feel displaced and we believe that we do not belong to our culture or group. Our search for who we are is fuelled by a need to find a place where we belong. The sharing of common values creates a bond that allows individuals to feel they won’t be misunderstood or rejected. Often the process off searching and finding one’s identity is a difficult process and can change overtime. In Fringe Dwellers, Noonah, Moolies, Bertie, Joe, are all aware of their identity they never question it except for Tribly – Comeaway school girl. Trilby is full of grand hopes and dreams and questions her identity through body language. There is a difference between knowing your sense of identity and searching for your identity. Trilby constantly encourages her family to be independent and live just like the whites. The director showing the close up shot of Trilby’s face in front of the mirror indicate Trilby’s insecurity about her identity. Again the point of view shot of Tribly looking intently at the window (with the scenes of the city) shows. Her dreams and aspirations. This was the route she looks. Forwards to walk on as it is a pathway to get accepted by the wilder community.